Make An Appreciation Note To Isaac Newton About The Impact Of FORCE IN YOUR LIFE. Cite…
Make an appreciation note to Isaac Newton about the impact of FORCE IN YOUR LIFE. Cite reflections that made you pull or push your action to appreciate life especially during the pandemic.
One of the most influential scientists in history, Sir Isaac Newton’s contributions to the fields of physics, mathematics, astronomy and chemistry helped usher in the Scientific Revolution. And while the long-told tale of an apple dropping on his learned head is likely apocryphal, his contributions changed the way we see and understand the world around us.
He created the modern telescope
Isaac Newton and his telescope
Sir Isaac Newton and his telescope.
Photo: Getty Images
Before Newton, standard telescopes provided magnification, but with drawbacks. Known as refracting telescopes, they used glass lenses that changed the direction of different colors at different angles. This caused “chromatic aberrations,” or fuzzy, out-of-focus areas around objects being viewed through the telescope.
After much tinkering and testing, including grinding his own lenses, Newton found a solution. He replaced the refracting lenses with mirrored ones, including a large, concave mirror to show the primary image and a smaller, flat, reflecting one, to display that image to the eye. Newton’s new “reflecting telescope” was more powerful than previous versions, and because he used the small mirror to bounce the image to the eye, he could build a much smaller, more practical telescope. In fact, his first model, which he built in 1668 and donated to England’s Royal Society, was just six inches long (some 10 times smaller than other telescopes of the era), but could magnify objects by 40x.
Newton’s simple telescope design is still used today, by both backyard astronomers and NASA scientists.
Newton helped develop spectral analysis
A drawing of Sir Isaac Newton dispersing light with a glass prism
A drawing of Sir Isaac Newton dispersing light with a glass prism.
Photo: Apic/Getty Images
The next time you look up at a rainbow in the sky, you can thank Newton for helping us first understand and identify its seven colors. He began working on his studies of light and color even before creating the reflecting telescope, although he presented much of his evidence several years later, in his 1704 book, Opticks.
Before Newton, scientists primarily adhered to ancient theories on color, including those of Aristotle, who believed that all colors came from lightness (white) and darkness (black). Some even believed that the colors of the rainbow were formed by rainwater that colored the sky’s rays. Newton disagreed. He performed a seemingly endless series of experiments to prove his theories.
Working in his darkened room, he directed white light through a crystal prism on a wall, which separated into the seven colors we now know as the color spectrum (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet). Scientists already knew many of these colors existed, but they believed that the prism itself transformed white light into these colors. But when Newton refracted these same colors back onto another prism, they formed into a white light, proving that white light (and sunlight) was actually a combination of all the colors of the rainbow.
Newton’s laws of motion laid the groundwork for classical mechanics
Isaac Newton’s Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica
Sir Isaac’s Newton’s ‘Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica.’
Photo: SSPL/Getty Images
In 1687, Newton published one of the most important scientific books in history, the Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, commonly known as the Principa. It was in this work that he first laid out his three laws of motion.
The law of inertia states that at rest or in motion will remain at rest or in motion unless it’s acted upon by an external force. So, with this law, Newton helps us explain why a car will stop when it hits a wall, but the human bodies within the car will keep moving at the same, constant speed they had been until the bodies hit an external force, like a dashboard or airbag. It also explains why an object thrown in space is likely to continue at the same speed on the same path for infinity unless it comes into another object that exerts force to slow it down or change direction.
You can see an example of his second law of acceleration when you ride a bicycle. In his equation that force equals mass times acceleration, or F=ma, your pedaling of a bicycle creates the force necessary to accelerate. Newton’s law also explains why larger or heavier objects require more force to move or alter them, and why hitting a small object with a baseball bat would produce more damage than hitting a large object with that same bat.
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